معرفی آثار و پروژه های سانتیاگو کالاتراوا


معرفی آثار و پروژه های سانتیاگو کالاتراوا

Santiago Calatrava

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Santiago Calatrava Valls (Valencian pronunciation: [santiˈaɣo kalaˈtɾava ˈvaʎs], born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, sculptor and structural engineer whose principal office is in Zürich, Switzerland. He has offices in Zürich, Paris, Valencia, and New York City (where he now resides).

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Early life and education

Calatrava was born in Benimàmet, an old municipality now integrated as an urban part of Valencia, Spain, where he pursued his undergraduate architecture degree at the Polytechnic University of Valencia[1] along with a post-graduate course in urbanism. During his schooldays, he also undertook independent projects with a group of fellow students, bringing out two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza. Following graduation in 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, for graduate work in civil engineering. In 1981, after completing his doctoral thesis, "On the Foldability of Space Frames", he started his architecture and engineering practice.

His mother's family were of Jewish heritage, but had nominally converted during the Spanish Inquisition of the fifteenth century.[2]

Career

700px-Santiago_calatravas_milwaukee_art_ magnify-clip.png The Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.

Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and railway stations, with designs that elevated the status of civil engineering projects to new heights. His Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona, Spain (1991) in the heart of the 1992 Olympics site, as well as the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Canada (1992), were important works and turning points in his career, leading to a wide range of commissions. The Quadracci Pavilion (2001) of the Milwaukee Art Museum was his first building in the United States. Calatrava's entry into high-rise design began with an innovative 54-story-high twisting tower called Turning Torso (2005), located in Malmö, Sweden.

Calatrava has designed a futuristic train station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, at the rebuilt World Trade Center in New York City. As of 2013, a modified, somewhat cost-reduced version of his design is under construction.

Calatrava has defined his style as bridging the division between structural engineering and architecture. In his projects, he claims to continue a tradition of Spanish modernist engineering that included Félix Candela, Antonio Gaudí, and Rafael Guastavino, with a very personal style that derives from numerous studies of the human body and the natural world. Architecture critics, however, see his work as a continuation of the expressionism of Eero Saarinen.[citation needed]

On 10 December 2011 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture for a five year renewable term by Pope Benedict XVI.[3]

In May 2012, Calatrava was accused[by whom?] of 'bleeding Valencia dry'. Calatrava has charged some €100m (£81m) to the Valencia government, according to the website, established by the leftwing Esquerra Unida party. The party says it has managed to see copies of bills paid by the People's party regional government to the architect, who is now based in Zurich.[4]

In Mar 2013 , A supreme Italian court asked Mr Calatrava to pay back 1 million euros for overpricing a bridge in Venice. Many complains also in his home town Valencia. [5]

Recent projects

170px-Brookfield_Pl._1_06.11.04.jpg magnify-clip.png Allen Lambert Galleria at Brookfield Place, in Toronto, Canada 220px-Calatrava_Puente_del_Alamillo_Sevi magnify-clip.png Puente del Alamillo at night, made for the Expo 92, Seville, (1992) 220px-Auditorio_de_Tenerife_Pano.jpg magnify-clip.png Auditorio de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 220px-Bahnhof_Stadelhofen.20060404-19335 magnify-clip.png Bahnhof Stadelhofen in Zürich

Trinity River Bridges

Calatrava's work includes three bridges that will eventually span the Trinity River in Dallas, Texas. The first bridge, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, named after donor Margaret Hunt Hill, was planned to open for traffic in March 2012.[dated info] If the remaining bridges are completed, Dallas will join the Dutch county of Haarlemmermeer in having three Calatrava bridges.

Peace Bridge

Calatrava's design for the Peace Bridge, a 130m pedestrian bridge to span the Bow River in downtown Calgary, Alberta, Canada, will cost approximately $24.5 million. The project was approved by city council in early January 2009 and was scheduled for completion in fall 2010, but had not been completed as of the end of November, 2011, it is now estimated to be done in Spring of 2012. Public disclosure of Peace Bridge plans was made on 28 July 2009, and it was described as a sleek, elegant contribution to downtown Calgary.

However, there was an uproar from Calgarians, since there was a bridge very similar to Calatrava's design built in Toronto, at a much lesser cost. The design model showed a sleek, tubular, single-span red-and-white trestle, offering separate pathways for cyclists and pedestrians. The bridge is expected to serve up to 5,000[6] pedestrians and cyclists daily.

Florida Polytechnic University

On 16 June 2009, it was announced that Calatrava would be designing the first building of the new University of South Florida Polytechnic campus in Lakeland, Florida. This will be his first work in the southeastern United States. The university is now Florida Polytechnic University scheduled to open in August 2014. As of 2013, construction of the campus is well under way on Interstate 4 between Tampa and Orlando.

Calatrava as sculptor

Calatrava is also a prolific sculptor and painter, claiming that the practice of architecture combines all the arts into one. In 2003, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held an exhibition of his artistic and architectural work, entitled Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture. Exhibitions of his work have also taken place in Germany, England, Spain, Italy and elsewhere.

Notable works

220px-Arches_Toronto.jpg magnify-clip.png Atrium of Brookfield Place, Toronto, Canada (1992) 220px-Ciutat_de_les_Arts_i_les_Ci%C3%A8n magnify-clip.png L'Umbracle at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències in Valencia, Spain (1996) 220px-Hemispheric_-_Valencia%2C_Spain_-_ magnify-clip.png Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, Valencia, Spain (1996) 220px-Milwaukee_Art_Museum_1_%28Mulad%29 magnify-clip.png Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA (2001) 220px-OrienteMGT.jpg magnify-clip.png Gare do Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal (1998) 220px-Caltrava_bridge_in_Petah_Tikva01.j magnify-clip.png Calatrava bridge in Petah Tikva, Israel 220px-Stazione_Mediopadana.jpg magnify-clip.png Medio Padana TAV Station, Reggio Emilia, Italy 170px-The_Turning_Torso%2C_Malmo.JPG magnify-clip.png Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden (2005) 220px-Calatrava_Jerusalem.jpg magnify-clip.png Chords Bridge for pedestrians and train in Jerusalem, Israel (2008) 170px-Technion_Obelisk_2.JPG magnify-clip.png Technion Obelisk in Haifa, Israel 220px-Ciudad_Ciencias_5x.jpg magnify-clip.png Ciudad Ciencias (Science City)

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